【定语从句用法】在英语语法中,定语从句是一种非常重要的句型结构,用于修饰名词或代词。它通常由关系代词(如 who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(如 when, where, why)引导。定语从句的作用是提供额外的信息,使句子更加具体和清晰。
一、定语从句的基本结构
一个完整的定语从句一般包括以下几个部分:
- 先行词:被修饰的名词或代词。
- 关系词:引导定语从句的词,可以是关系代词或关系副词。
- 从句:由关系词引导的完整句子,用来说明先行词的性质或特征。
例如:
- The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
(“that I bought yesterday”是定语从句,修饰“the book”。)
二、常见关系代词与关系副词的用法
关系词 | 用法 | 举例 |
who | 指人,在从句中作主语 | The man who is standing there is my teacher. |
whom | 指人,在从句中作宾语 | The girl whom you met is my sister. |
whose | 表示所属关系,指人或物 | The student whose bag was stolen reported it to the police. |
which | 指物,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The car which is red is mine. |
that | 指人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The man that I saw is a doctor. |
when | 表时间,指时间点 | I still remember the day when we first met. |
where | 表地点,指地点 | This is the house where I was born. |
why | 表原因,指原因 | That’s the reason why he left. |
三、定语从句的注意事项
1. 关系词不能省略的情况:
- 当关系词在从句中作宾语时,如果先行词是人,可以用“whom”或“who”,也可以省略;如果是物,则只能用“which”或“that”,但有时也可省略。
- 例如:The man (who/whom) I saw is my uncle.
2. 限制性与非限制性定语从句:
- 限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定作用,不可省略。
- 例:The woman who is wearing a red dress is my mother.
- 非限制性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明,用逗号隔开,可省略。
- 例:My brother, who lives in Shanghai, is coming to visit us.
3. 当先行词是“the one”时:
- “the one”后面必须用“that”引导定语从句。
- 例:This is the one that I want.
4. 当先行词是“all, everything, nothing”等不定代词时:
- 通常用“that”引导定语从句。
- 例:I told him everything that happened.
四、总结
定语从句是英语中常见的语法现象,正确使用能增强语言表达的准确性和丰富性。掌握关系代词和关系副词的用法,以及区分限制性与非限制性定语从句,对于提高英语写作和阅读理解能力具有重要意义。
通过以上内容的学习和练习,可以更好地理解和运用定语从句,使语言表达更加地道、自然。